Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2083
https://doi.org/10.69639/arandu.v12i1.728
Emotional regulation and psychological well-being in
operational firefighters
Regulación emocional y bienestar psicológico en bomberos operativos
Psi. Cl. Tannia Diana Toaza Caisaguano
tannia.toaza@unach.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-7225
Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo
Ecuador - Ambato
PhD. Gina Alexandra Pilco Guadalupe
apilco@unach.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2777-6146
Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo
Ecuador – Riobamba
Artículo recibido: 10 enero 2025 - Aceptado para publicación: 20 febrero 2025
Conflictos de intereses: Ninguno que declarar
ABSTRACT
Introduction: operational firefighters are personnel trained to face emergencies; therefore, it is
necessary to maintain emotional regulation, adaptive and problem-solving skills that favor the
mastery of their work activities. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship
between emotional regulation and psychological well-being in operational firefighters of the
Ambato Fire Department, Ecuador. Methodology: quantitative, descriptive, comparative,
correlational and cross-sectional design, working with a sample of 150 firefighters. Emotional
regulation was assessed with the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and psychological
well-being with the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale. Results: women presented higher
levels in both variables. In emotional regulation, 67.9 % of women were at the medium level,
compared to 55.7 % of men at the low level. Regarding psychological well-being, 75 % of women
showed high levels, in contrast to 63.9 % of men. In addition, a significant positive correlation
was observed (r = 0.488, p < 0.001), suggesting that better emotional regulation favors
psychological well-being. Gender differences in emotional regulation strategies were also
identified: women prefer cognitive reappraisal, whereas men tend to emotional suppression.
Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of fostering emotional regulation skills to
improve the mental health of firefighters and open the door to future research on gender
differences in this area.
Keywords: emotional regulation, psychological well-being, operational firefighters,
positive psychology, coping
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2084
RESUMEN
Introducción: los bomberos operativos son personal capacitado para afrontar emergencias por lo
que es necesario mantener regulación emocional, habilidades adaptativas y solución de problemas
que favorezcan el dominio de sus actividades laborales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue
determinar la relación entre la regulación emocional y el bienestar psicológico en bomberos
operativos del Cuerpo de Bomberos de Ambato, Ecuador. Metodología: diseño cuantitativo,
descriptivo, comparativo, correlacional y transversal, se trabajó con una muestra de 150
bomberos. La regulación emocional se evaluó mediante el Emotional Regulation Questionnaire
(ERQ) y el bienestar psicológico con la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff. Resultados: las
mujeres presentan mejores niveles en ambas variables. En regulación emocional, el 67,9 % de las
mujeres se ubicaron en el nivel medio, frente al 55,7 % de los hombres en el nivel bajo. Respecto
al bienestar psicológico, el 75 % de las mujeres mostró niveles altos, en contraste con el 63,9 %
de los hombres. Además, se observó una correlación positiva significativa (r = 0,488, p < 0,001),
sugiriendo que una mejor regulación emocional favorece el bienestar psicológico. También se
identificaron diferencias de género en las estrategias de regulación emocional: las mujeres
prefieren la reevaluación cognitiva, mientras que los hombres tienden a la supresión emocional.
Conclusiones: estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de fomentar habilidades de regulación
emocional para mejorar la salud mental de los bomberos y abren la puerta a futuras
investigaciones sobre las diferencias de género en este ámbito.
Palabras clave: regulación emocional, bienestar psicológico, bomberos operativos,
psicología positiva, afrontamiento
Todo el contenido de la Revista Científica Internacional Arandu UTIC publicado en este sitio está disponible bajo
licencia Creative Commons Atribution 4.0 International.
RESUMEN
Introducción: los bomberos operativos son personal capacitado para afrontar emergencias por lo
que es necesario mantener regulación emocional, habilidades adaptativas y solución de problemas
que favorezcan el dominio de sus actividades laborales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue
determinar la relación entre la regulación emocional y el bienestar psicológico en bomberos
operativos del Cuerpo de Bomberos de Ambato, Ecuador. Metodología: diseño cuantitativo,
descriptivo, comparativo, correlacional y transversal, se trabajó con una muestra de 150
bomberos. La regulación emocional se evaluó mediante el Emotional Regulation Questionnaire
(ERQ) y el bienestar psicológico con la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff. Resultados: las
mujeres presentan mejores niveles en ambas variables. En regulación emocional, el 67,9 % de las
mujeres se ubicaron en el nivel medio, frente al 55,7 % de los hombres en el nivel bajo. Respecto
al bienestar psicológico, el 75 % de las mujeres mostró niveles altos, en contraste con el 63,9 %
de los hombres. Además, se observó una correlación positiva significativa (r = 0,488, p < 0,001),
sugiriendo que una mejor regulación emocional favorece el bienestar psicológico. También se
identificaron diferencias de género en las estrategias de regulación emocional: las mujeres
prefieren la reevaluación cognitiva, mientras que los hombres tienden a la supresión emocional.
Conclusiones: estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de fomentar habilidades de regulación
emocional para mejorar la salud mental de los bomberos y abren la puerta a futuras
investigaciones sobre las diferencias de género en este ámbito.
Palabras clave: regulación emocional, bienestar psicológico, bomberos operativos,
psicología positiva, afrontamiento
Todo el contenido de la Revista Científica Internacional Arandu UTIC publicado en este sitio está disponible bajo
licencia Creative Commons Atribution 4.0 International.
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2085
INTRODUCCIÓN
Emotional regulation and psychological well-being in operational firefighters represent a
priority area of research, given the relevance of their profession in contexts of emergency and
extreme risk. This problem can be defined as the interaction between intense work demands and
the psychological resources available to manage these demands, which has a direct impact on the
quality of life of these professionals. According to the (Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2022),
mental health is an essential component of general well-being, especially in high-risk occupations.
The WHO emphasizes that firefighters face constant exposure to traumatic situations that can lead
to psychological disorders such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression
(Rosas, Perren Klingler, Ferro, & Fernández, 2020).
According to Skeffington et al. (2016), between 16 % and 22 % of firefighters have been
diagnosed with PTSD, a significantly higher prevalence than in the general population. In
addition, it is estimated that between 20 % and 35 % of firefighters experience symptoms of
anxiety, depression and trauma (Silva Marconato & Monteiro, 2020). These data highlight the
need to address the psychological well-being of this population, through interventions that
promote effective emotional regulation strategies.
Emotional regulation (ER) can be defined as the ability to manage and modify emotions
according to the demands of the environment (Gross, 1998).This skill is classified into strategies
such as cognitive reappraisal (CR) and emotional suppression (SE). While CR is associated with
decreased emotional distress and an increase in feelings of psychological well-being (Webb,
Miles, & Sheeran, 2012), SE has been linked to increased internal distress and difficulties in
interpersonal relationships. In the case of firefighters, the predominant use of adaptive strategies
such as CR is essential to manage negative emotions derived from their daily work (Cano-Gallent
et al., 2023; Díaz & Rodríguez-Carvajal, 2006).
Psychological well-being (BP), defined by Ryff (1989) as a multidimensional construct,
includes dimensions such as self-acceptance, positive relationships, purpose in life, autonomy,
mastery of the environment, and personal growth. This eudaimonic approach emphasizes that
well-being is not a transitory state, but a continuous process of personal development. In the field
of firefighters, self-acceptance and purpose in life stand out as critical dimensions in facing the
psychological demands inherent in their profession (Dunn & Norton, 2022).
Previous studies have explored the relationship between ER and BP in extreme work
contexts. For example, Rivas (2022) found that 31.7 % of firefighters in North Lima had high
levels of BP, closely related to adaptive strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and problem
solving. Similarly, García Quiroga et al. (2020) reported that, in San Luis, Argentina, social
support and problem-solving were positively correlated with BP, while fatalistic approaches had
a negative impact. These findings underscore the importance of fostering effective support
INTRODUCCIÓN
Emotional regulation and psychological well-being in operational firefighters represent a
priority area of research, given the relevance of their profession in contexts of emergency and
extreme risk. This problem can be defined as the interaction between intense work demands and
the psychological resources available to manage these demands, which has a direct impact on the
quality of life of these professionals. According to the (Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2022),
mental health is an essential component of general well-being, especially in high-risk occupations.
The WHO emphasizes that firefighters face constant exposure to traumatic situations that can lead
to psychological disorders such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression
(Rosas, Perren Klingler, Ferro, & Fernández, 2020).
According to Skeffington et al. (2016), between 16 % and 22 % of firefighters have been
diagnosed with PTSD, a significantly higher prevalence than in the general population. In
addition, it is estimated that between 20 % and 35 % of firefighters experience symptoms of
anxiety, depression and trauma (Silva Marconato & Monteiro, 2020). These data highlight the
need to address the psychological well-being of this population, through interventions that
promote effective emotional regulation strategies.
Emotional regulation (ER) can be defined as the ability to manage and modify emotions
according to the demands of the environment (Gross, 1998).This skill is classified into strategies
such as cognitive reappraisal (CR) and emotional suppression (SE). While CR is associated with
decreased emotional distress and an increase in feelings of psychological well-being (Webb,
Miles, & Sheeran, 2012), SE has been linked to increased internal distress and difficulties in
interpersonal relationships. In the case of firefighters, the predominant use of adaptive strategies
such as CR is essential to manage negative emotions derived from their daily work (Cano-Gallent
et al., 2023; Díaz & Rodríguez-Carvajal, 2006).
Psychological well-being (BP), defined by Ryff (1989) as a multidimensional construct,
includes dimensions such as self-acceptance, positive relationships, purpose in life, autonomy,
mastery of the environment, and personal growth. This eudaimonic approach emphasizes that
well-being is not a transitory state, but a continuous process of personal development. In the field
of firefighters, self-acceptance and purpose in life stand out as critical dimensions in facing the
psychological demands inherent in their profession (Dunn & Norton, 2022).
Previous studies have explored the relationship between ER and BP in extreme work
contexts. For example, Rivas (2022) found that 31.7 % of firefighters in North Lima had high
levels of BP, closely related to adaptive strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and problem
solving. Similarly, García Quiroga et al. (2020) reported that, in San Luis, Argentina, social
support and problem-solving were positively correlated with BP, while fatalistic approaches had
a negative impact. These findings underscore the importance of fostering effective support
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2086
networks and daily resilient coping strategies (Cano-Gallent et al., 2023; Díaz & Rodríguez-
Carvajal, 2006).
Group cohesion and social support are key protective factors that contribute to stress
mitigation in firefighters. According to Martínez Priego et al. (2024), positive work relationships
strengthen emotional regulation and individual resilience, especially in highly demanding
contexts. These interactions not only improve operational dynamics, but also act as a buffer
against psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. In addition, social support within
the team facilitates effective communication and the equitable distribution of responsibilities,
increasing the sense of security and control (Intriago-Intriago & Saldarriaga-Villamil, 2021).
The absence of adaptive coping strategies and low levels of emotional regulation increase
vulnerability to psychological disorders such as PTSD and anxiety. Carbone (2023) and Pascual
Jimeno & Cornejo López (2019) highlight the need to design training programs in emotional
regulation and resilient skills that can prevent future complications and improve overall well-
being. These programs should include components such as high-fidelity simulations, emotional
intelligence training, and coping strategies, tailored to the specific needs of firefighters (Gagné &
Deci, 2005).
The absence of adaptive coping strategies and low levels of emotional regulation increase
vulnerability to psychological disorders such as PTSD and anxiety. Carbone (2023) and Pascual
Jimeno & Cornejo López (2019) highlight the need to design training programs in emotional
regulation and resilient skills that can prevent future complications and improve overall well-
being. These programs should include components such as high-fidelity simulations, emotional
intelligence training, and coping strategies, tailored to the specific needs of firefighters (Acuña
Conejero, Aguado Marquéz, Álvarez Casado, & Amores Tola, 2021).
Along these lines, the implementation of organizational measures that promote the balance
between work demands and personal needs, such as flexible schedules and access to operational
psychological services (Pascula Jimeno & Cornejo López, 2019), could contribute significantly
to improving overall well-being.
It is here that the psychological well-being of firefighters not only depends on their
individual ability to manage emotions, but also on the organizational context and the support
policies implemented. The incorporation of comprehensive interventions that combine
prevention, early intervention and continuous follow-up could optimize both mental health and
professional performance, promoting a sustainable balance between work demands and personal
well-being. This underscores the importance of developing a holistic, evidence-based approach
to addressing the psychological challenges of operational firefighters (Acuña Conejero, Aguado
Marquéz, Álvarez Casado, & Amores Tola, 2021).
These stressors can generate significant emotional exhaustion, affecting your ability to
manage emotions in an effective and demanding way (Martínez Priego, García Noblejas, & Roca,
networks and daily resilient coping strategies (Cano-Gallent et al., 2023; Díaz & Rodríguez-
Carvajal, 2006).
Group cohesion and social support are key protective factors that contribute to stress
mitigation in firefighters. According to Martínez Priego et al. (2024), positive work relationships
strengthen emotional regulation and individual resilience, especially in highly demanding
contexts. These interactions not only improve operational dynamics, but also act as a buffer
against psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. In addition, social support within
the team facilitates effective communication and the equitable distribution of responsibilities,
increasing the sense of security and control (Intriago-Intriago & Saldarriaga-Villamil, 2021).
The absence of adaptive coping strategies and low levels of emotional regulation increase
vulnerability to psychological disorders such as PTSD and anxiety. Carbone (2023) and Pascual
Jimeno & Cornejo López (2019) highlight the need to design training programs in emotional
regulation and resilient skills that can prevent future complications and improve overall well-
being. These programs should include components such as high-fidelity simulations, emotional
intelligence training, and coping strategies, tailored to the specific needs of firefighters (Gagné &
Deci, 2005).
The absence of adaptive coping strategies and low levels of emotional regulation increase
vulnerability to psychological disorders such as PTSD and anxiety. Carbone (2023) and Pascual
Jimeno & Cornejo López (2019) highlight the need to design training programs in emotional
regulation and resilient skills that can prevent future complications and improve overall well-
being. These programs should include components such as high-fidelity simulations, emotional
intelligence training, and coping strategies, tailored to the specific needs of firefighters (Acuña
Conejero, Aguado Marquéz, Álvarez Casado, & Amores Tola, 2021).
Along these lines, the implementation of organizational measures that promote the balance
between work demands and personal needs, such as flexible schedules and access to operational
psychological services (Pascula Jimeno & Cornejo López, 2019), could contribute significantly
to improving overall well-being.
It is here that the psychological well-being of firefighters not only depends on their
individual ability to manage emotions, but also on the organizational context and the support
policies implemented. The incorporation of comprehensive interventions that combine
prevention, early intervention and continuous follow-up could optimize both mental health and
professional performance, promoting a sustainable balance between work demands and personal
well-being. This underscores the importance of developing a holistic, evidence-based approach
to addressing the psychological challenges of operational firefighters (Acuña Conejero, Aguado
Marquéz, Álvarez Casado, & Amores Tola, 2021).
These stressors can generate significant emotional exhaustion, affecting your ability to
manage emotions in an effective and demanding way (Martínez Priego, García Noblejas, & Roca,
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2087
2024). By exploring this relationship, we aim to identify how emotional regulation strategies,
such as cognitive reappraisal or emotional suppression, can influence the psychological well-
being of firefighters, helping to prevent or mitigate the negative impact of work-related stress.
Therefore, the present research seeks to determine the relationship between emotional regulation
and psychological well-being in operational firefighters, considering that this population is
constantly exposed to situations of high emotional load and stress, which can affect their
psychological and emotional state.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present research was developed under a quantitative approach, with a non-
experimental design and a correlational-comparative scope, using a cross-section.
For data collection, previously validated instruments were used that were applied by the
Human Talent Department of the institution, through the Medical Center and the Clinical
Psychology Area of the Fire Department. The researcher accessed the results obtained through
formal authorization, ensuring compliance with ethical principles. In addition, clinical records
were reviewed to complement data collection, ensuring the anonymity and methodological
integrity of the study.
The population was made up of 215 operational firefighters from the Fire Department of
the city of Ambato, province of Tungurahua, Ecuador. However, the final sample included 150
firefighters selected using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were:
active performance in operational functions and having a minimum of one year of continuous
service. Those in administrative roles, on medical leave, did not complete the instruments
adequately, or had previous clinical diagnoses of psychological disorders such as depression,
anxiety, or PTSD were excluded.
Of the participants, 81.3 % were men and 18.7 % women. The mean age was 28.4 years,
with a standard deviation of 4.76 years. The majority age range was 26 to 35 years old (68 %),
followed by the 18 to 25 year old group (28 %) and 4 % in the 36 to 46 year old range. In terms
of marital status, 68 % were single, 27.3% were married, 2.7 % were in a common-law union and
2 % were divorced. Regarding the educational level, 78.7 % had higher education and 19.3 % had
high school studies.
To assess emotional regulation, the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) by Gross
(2003), adapted by Pagano and Vizioli (2021) for the Chilean adult population, was used. This
instrument measures cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression strategies using 9 items
assessed on a Likert scale from 1 to 7. The items are grouped into two dimensions: cognitive
reappraisal (1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10) and emotional suppression (2, 6, 9). The overall scores are classified
into high, medium and low levels, and the dimensions have adequate reliability indices, with alpha
ordinals of 0.87 and 0.71 respectively.
2024). By exploring this relationship, we aim to identify how emotional regulation strategies,
such as cognitive reappraisal or emotional suppression, can influence the psychological well-
being of firefighters, helping to prevent or mitigate the negative impact of work-related stress.
Therefore, the present research seeks to determine the relationship between emotional regulation
and psychological well-being in operational firefighters, considering that this population is
constantly exposed to situations of high emotional load and stress, which can affect their
psychological and emotional state.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present research was developed under a quantitative approach, with a non-
experimental design and a correlational-comparative scope, using a cross-section.
For data collection, previously validated instruments were used that were applied by the
Human Talent Department of the institution, through the Medical Center and the Clinical
Psychology Area of the Fire Department. The researcher accessed the results obtained through
formal authorization, ensuring compliance with ethical principles. In addition, clinical records
were reviewed to complement data collection, ensuring the anonymity and methodological
integrity of the study.
The population was made up of 215 operational firefighters from the Fire Department of
the city of Ambato, province of Tungurahua, Ecuador. However, the final sample included 150
firefighters selected using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were:
active performance in operational functions and having a minimum of one year of continuous
service. Those in administrative roles, on medical leave, did not complete the instruments
adequately, or had previous clinical diagnoses of psychological disorders such as depression,
anxiety, or PTSD were excluded.
Of the participants, 81.3 % were men and 18.7 % women. The mean age was 28.4 years,
with a standard deviation of 4.76 years. The majority age range was 26 to 35 years old (68 %),
followed by the 18 to 25 year old group (28 %) and 4 % in the 36 to 46 year old range. In terms
of marital status, 68 % were single, 27.3% were married, 2.7 % were in a common-law union and
2 % were divorced. Regarding the educational level, 78.7 % had higher education and 19.3 % had
high school studies.
To assess emotional regulation, the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) by Gross
(2003), adapted by Pagano and Vizioli (2021) for the Chilean adult population, was used. This
instrument measures cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression strategies using 9 items
assessed on a Likert scale from 1 to 7. The items are grouped into two dimensions: cognitive
reappraisal (1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10) and emotional suppression (2, 6, 9). The overall scores are classified
into high, medium and low levels, and the dimensions have adequate reliability indices, with alpha
ordinals of 0.87 and 0.71 respectively.
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2088
For psychological well-being, the adapted version of the Psychological Well-being Scale
(BPS) of Ryff (1989), validated by Díaz et al. (2006), was used. This scale consists of 29 items
distributed in six dimensions: self-acceptance, positive relationships, autonomy, mastery of the
environment, purpose in life and personal growth. The scores are measured on a Likert scale from
1 to 6, and their Cronbach's alpha is 0.84, which ensures high internal consistency. The general
and dimensional scores allow us to identify high, medium and low levels of well-being.
The data collected were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS) version 30.0. Descriptive analyses were performed to characterize the variables and
inferential analyses were performed to explore relationships between emotional regulation and
psychological well-being. Specifically, the Spearman Rho correlation test, the exact Fisher-
Freeman-Halton test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare groups.
The systematic and rigorous analysis of the data helped to ensure the validity of the results,
providing a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between the variables in the specific
context of operational firefighters. In addition, the confidentiality and anonymity of the
information was ensured, complying with international ethical standards.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1
Levels of emotional regulation
Emotional regulation
Levels of emotional regulation N %
Female Low level 9 32.1
Medium level 19 67.9
Male Low level 68 55.7
Medium level 54 44.3
67.9 % of the women reported a medium level of emotional regulation, while 32.1 % were at a
low level. In men, 55.7 % had a low level. The results indicate that, in the sample analyzed,
women have greater emotional regulation, while men show greater difficulties, with a higher
percentage at the low level.
Table 2
Levels of psychological well-being
Psychological Well-Being
Levels of psychological well-being N %
Female Medium level 7 25.0
High level 21 75.0
Male Medium level 44 36.1
High level 78 63.9
For psychological well-being, the adapted version of the Psychological Well-being Scale
(BPS) of Ryff (1989), validated by Díaz et al. (2006), was used. This scale consists of 29 items
distributed in six dimensions: self-acceptance, positive relationships, autonomy, mastery of the
environment, purpose in life and personal growth. The scores are measured on a Likert scale from
1 to 6, and their Cronbach's alpha is 0.84, which ensures high internal consistency. The general
and dimensional scores allow us to identify high, medium and low levels of well-being.
The data collected were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS) version 30.0. Descriptive analyses were performed to characterize the variables and
inferential analyses were performed to explore relationships between emotional regulation and
psychological well-being. Specifically, the Spearman Rho correlation test, the exact Fisher-
Freeman-Halton test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare groups.
The systematic and rigorous analysis of the data helped to ensure the validity of the results,
providing a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between the variables in the specific
context of operational firefighters. In addition, the confidentiality and anonymity of the
information was ensured, complying with international ethical standards.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1
Levels of emotional regulation
Emotional regulation
Levels of emotional regulation N %
Female Low level 9 32.1
Medium level 19 67.9
Male Low level 68 55.7
Medium level 54 44.3
67.9 % of the women reported a medium level of emotional regulation, while 32.1 % were at a
low level. In men, 55.7 % had a low level. The results indicate that, in the sample analyzed,
women have greater emotional regulation, while men show greater difficulties, with a higher
percentage at the low level.
Table 2
Levels of psychological well-being
Psychological Well-Being
Levels of psychological well-being N %
Female Medium level 7 25.0
High level 21 75.0
Male Medium level 44 36.1
High level 78 63.9
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2089
The assessment of psychological well-being showed differences by gender: 75 % of women and
63.9 % of men had high levels, while 25 % of women and 36.1 % of men reported medium levels.
Table 3
Relationship between Emotional regulation and psychological well-being
Correlations
Emotional
regulation
Psychological
Well-Being
Spearman's
Rho
Emotional regulation Correlation coefficient 1.000 .488**
Sig. (bilateral) . <.001
N 150 150
The results show a significant positive correlation between emotional regulation and
psychological well-being. Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0.488, indicating a moderate
relationship between the two variables. This suggests that as emotional regulation improves, it
also tends to improve participants' psychological well-being.
Table 4
Group Comparison
Ranges
Gender N Average Range Sum of ranks
Emotional regulation Female 28 89.89 2517.00
Male 122 72.20 8808.00
Total 150
Psychological Well-Being Female 28 82.25 2303.00
Male 122 73.95 902.00
Total 150
Group Comparison
Emotional regulation Psychological Well-Being
U de Mann-Whitney 1305.000 1519.000
W for Wilcoxon 8808.000 9022.000
Z -2.245 -1.111
Sig. asin. (bilateral) .025 .267
a. Gropuping variable: Gender
In the analysis of the emotional regulation ranges, it was observed that women (N = 28)
presented an average range of 89.89, with a sum of ranges of 2517.00, indicating better emotional
The assessment of psychological well-being showed differences by gender: 75 % of women and
63.9 % of men had high levels, while 25 % of women and 36.1 % of men reported medium levels.
Table 3
Relationship between Emotional regulation and psychological well-being
Correlations
Emotional
regulation
Psychological
Well-Being
Spearman's
Rho
Emotional regulation Correlation coefficient 1.000 .488**
Sig. (bilateral) . <.001
N 150 150
The results show a significant positive correlation between emotional regulation and
psychological well-being. Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0.488, indicating a moderate
relationship between the two variables. This suggests that as emotional regulation improves, it
also tends to improve participants' psychological well-being.
Table 4
Group Comparison
Ranges
Gender N Average Range Sum of ranks
Emotional regulation Female 28 89.89 2517.00
Male 122 72.20 8808.00
Total 150
Psychological Well-Being Female 28 82.25 2303.00
Male 122 73.95 902.00
Total 150
Group Comparison
Emotional regulation Psychological Well-Being
U de Mann-Whitney 1305.000 1519.000
W for Wilcoxon 8808.000 9022.000
Z -2.245 -1.111
Sig. asin. (bilateral) .025 .267
a. Gropuping variable: Gender
In the analysis of the emotional regulation ranges, it was observed that women (N = 28)
presented an average range of 89.89, with a sum of ranges of 2517.00, indicating better emotional
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2090
regulation compared to men. On the other hand, men (N = 122) showed an average range of 72.20
and a sum of ranges of 8808.00.
The results of the Mann-Whitney test (U = 1305.000) revealed a statistically significant
difference between men and women in this regard, with a Z-value of -2.245 and a bilateral
significance of 0.025. This suggests that women exhibit better emotional regulation compared to
men in this sample.
Regarding psychological well-being, women (N = 28) achieved an average range of 82.25
and a sum of ranges of 2303.00, while men (N = 122) had an average range of 73.95 and a sum
of ranges of 9022.00. Although women had a higher average range, the results of the Mann-
Whitney test (U = 1519.000) and the Z value of -1.111 did not show a statistically significant
difference (p = 0.267). This indicates that, although women report slightly higher psychological
well-being, this difference is not significant enough to be considered relevant in the context of the
sample studied.
Table 5
Contingency table: dimensions of Emotional regulation and dimensions of psychological well-
being
Variable N X2 gl p
Monte
Carlo
significance
(bilateral)
Phi V for
Cramer
Fisher-
Freeman-
Halton
Exact Test
Self-acceptance
* Cognitive
reassessment
150 23.832 4 <.001 <.001 .539 .381 <.001
Self-aceptance *
Emotional
suppression
150 46.584 4 <.001 <.001 .557 .394 <.001
Positive
relationships *
Cognitive
reappraisal
150 4.873 4 .301 .298 .244 .172 .420
Positive
relationships *
Emotional
suppression
150 5.781 4 .216 .224 .196 .139 .221
regulation compared to men. On the other hand, men (N = 122) showed an average range of 72.20
and a sum of ranges of 8808.00.
The results of the Mann-Whitney test (U = 1305.000) revealed a statistically significant
difference between men and women in this regard, with a Z-value of -2.245 and a bilateral
significance of 0.025. This suggests that women exhibit better emotional regulation compared to
men in this sample.
Regarding psychological well-being, women (N = 28) achieved an average range of 82.25
and a sum of ranges of 2303.00, while men (N = 122) had an average range of 73.95 and a sum
of ranges of 9022.00. Although women had a higher average range, the results of the Mann-
Whitney test (U = 1519.000) and the Z value of -1.111 did not show a statistically significant
difference (p = 0.267). This indicates that, although women report slightly higher psychological
well-being, this difference is not significant enough to be considered relevant in the context of the
sample studied.
Table 5
Contingency table: dimensions of Emotional regulation and dimensions of psychological well-
being
Variable N X2 gl p
Monte
Carlo
significance
(bilateral)
Phi V for
Cramer
Fisher-
Freeman-
Halton
Exact Test
Self-acceptance
* Cognitive
reassessment
150 23.832 4 <.001 <.001 .539 .381 <.001
Self-aceptance *
Emotional
suppression
150 46.584 4 <.001 <.001 .557 .394 <.001
Positive
relationships *
Cognitive
reappraisal
150 4.873 4 .301 .298 .244 .172 .420
Positive
relationships *
Emotional
suppression
150 5.781 4 .216 .224 .196 .139 .221
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2091
Variable N X2 gl p
Monte
Carlo
significance
(bilateral)
Phi V for
Cramer
Fisher-
Freeman-
Halton
Exact Test
Autonomy *
Cognitive
reassessment
150 .530 2 .767 .813 .080 .080 .813
Autonomy *
Emotional
suppression
150 13.739 2 .001 .001 .381 .269 <.001
Mastery of the
environment *
Cognitive
reassessment
150 17.511 4 .002 .002 .462 .327 .005
Mastery of the
environment *
Emotional
suppression
150 21.766 4 <.001 <.001 .381 .269 <.001
Purpose in life *
Cognitive
reassessment
150 16.464 4 .002 .003 .448 .317 .004
Purpose in life *
Emotional
suppression
150 24.639 4 <.001 <.001 .381 .269 <.001
The findings show significant associations between several dimensions of psychological
well-being and emotional regulation strategies in operational firefighters. The relationship
between self-acceptance and cognitive reappraisal strategies (χ² = 23.832, p < 0.001, Phi = 0.539)
and emotional suppression (χ² = 46.584, p < 0.001, Phi = 0.557) stands out, indicating moderate
to strong associations.
Significant relationships were also observed between mastery of the environment and
cognitive reappraisal (χ² = 17.511, p = 0.002, Phi = 0.462) and emotional suppression (χ² = 21.766,
p < 0.001, Phi = 0.381), as well as between purpose in life and both emotional regulation
strategies.
Variable N X2 gl p
Monte
Carlo
significance
(bilateral)
Phi V for
Cramer
Fisher-
Freeman-
Halton
Exact Test
Autonomy *
Cognitive
reassessment
150 .530 2 .767 .813 .080 .080 .813
Autonomy *
Emotional
suppression
150 13.739 2 .001 .001 .381 .269 <.001
Mastery of the
environment *
Cognitive
reassessment
150 17.511 4 .002 .002 .462 .327 .005
Mastery of the
environment *
Emotional
suppression
150 21.766 4 <.001 <.001 .381 .269 <.001
Purpose in life *
Cognitive
reassessment
150 16.464 4 .002 .003 .448 .317 .004
Purpose in life *
Emotional
suppression
150 24.639 4 <.001 <.001 .381 .269 <.001
The findings show significant associations between several dimensions of psychological
well-being and emotional regulation strategies in operational firefighters. The relationship
between self-acceptance and cognitive reappraisal strategies (χ² = 23.832, p < 0.001, Phi = 0.539)
and emotional suppression (χ² = 46.584, p < 0.001, Phi = 0.557) stands out, indicating moderate
to strong associations.
Significant relationships were also observed between mastery of the environment and
cognitive reappraisal (χ² = 17.511, p = 0.002, Phi = 0.462) and emotional suppression (χ² = 21.766,
p < 0.001, Phi = 0.381), as well as between purpose in life and both emotional regulation
strategies.
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2092
In contrast, positive relationships did not show significant associations with the strategies
evaluated. These results underscore the impact of emotional regulation, especially on the
dimensions of self-acceptance, mastery of the environment, and purpose in life, within the
psychological well-being of operational firefighters.
DISCUSSION
The firefighter profession is known for its high physical and emotional demands, as it
involves regularly facing situations of danger, emergency, and trauma. These working conditions
expose firefighters to significant stress, which can negatively impact their psychological well-
being. In this context, emotional regulation, understood as the ability to manage emotions
effectively, plays a crucial role in the preservation of mental health.
With respect to emotional regulation, the results show significant differences in the levels
of emotional regulation between men and women. Women showed a higher prevalence of a
medium level of emotional regulation (67.9 %), while men tended to concentrate on the low level
(55.7 %).
These findings are partially aligned with previous research, such as that of (Morales
Galán, 2023), who highlights that women tend to use a greater diversity of emotional regulation
strategies and apply them with greater flexibility compared to men. This could suggest that the
observed differences not only reflect a trend toward greater mastery in emotional regulation by
women, but also better emotional adaptability.
The work of López Madrigal, Pérez Rodríguez, and García Fernández (2021) highlights
that women tend to use emotional strategies, while men prefer practical solutions. This could
explain the higher concentration of men with low emotional regulation in the sample, as direct
solutions are not always effective for complex emotional challenges. In addition, it suggests that
gender differences in emotional regulation are not clear, as factors such as age and cultural context
also play a role, making these differences more complex (González Celis, Pérez Olvera, &
Mendoza Madrigal, 2024)
Regarding Psychological Well-being, the results obtained in this study indicate that both
men and women have high levels of psychological well-being, with a higher concentration of
women at the highest levels; consistent with the findings of (González Celis, Pérez Olvera, &
Mendoza Madrigal, 2024) that indicate a higher proportion of women at high levels of
psychological well-being, highlighting the consistency of the results between different population
groups.
Another study, conducted in the field of firefighters, also showed that women in this
professional group report higher levels of psychological well-being than their male colleagues,
coinciding with what was observed in this sample. This suggests that, in various professions and
contexts, women may experience greater emotional stability or satisfaction compared to men
(Jhonson & Smith, 2022).
In contrast, positive relationships did not show significant associations with the strategies
evaluated. These results underscore the impact of emotional regulation, especially on the
dimensions of self-acceptance, mastery of the environment, and purpose in life, within the
psychological well-being of operational firefighters.
DISCUSSION
The firefighter profession is known for its high physical and emotional demands, as it
involves regularly facing situations of danger, emergency, and trauma. These working conditions
expose firefighters to significant stress, which can negatively impact their psychological well-
being. In this context, emotional regulation, understood as the ability to manage emotions
effectively, plays a crucial role in the preservation of mental health.
With respect to emotional regulation, the results show significant differences in the levels
of emotional regulation between men and women. Women showed a higher prevalence of a
medium level of emotional regulation (67.9 %), while men tended to concentrate on the low level
(55.7 %).
These findings are partially aligned with previous research, such as that of (Morales
Galán, 2023), who highlights that women tend to use a greater diversity of emotional regulation
strategies and apply them with greater flexibility compared to men. This could suggest that the
observed differences not only reflect a trend toward greater mastery in emotional regulation by
women, but also better emotional adaptability.
The work of López Madrigal, Pérez Rodríguez, and García Fernández (2021) highlights
that women tend to use emotional strategies, while men prefer practical solutions. This could
explain the higher concentration of men with low emotional regulation in the sample, as direct
solutions are not always effective for complex emotional challenges. In addition, it suggests that
gender differences in emotional regulation are not clear, as factors such as age and cultural context
also play a role, making these differences more complex (González Celis, Pérez Olvera, &
Mendoza Madrigal, 2024)
Regarding Psychological Well-being, the results obtained in this study indicate that both
men and women have high levels of psychological well-being, with a higher concentration of
women at the highest levels; consistent with the findings of (González Celis, Pérez Olvera, &
Mendoza Madrigal, 2024) that indicate a higher proportion of women at high levels of
psychological well-being, highlighting the consistency of the results between different population
groups.
Another study, conducted in the field of firefighters, also showed that women in this
professional group report higher levels of psychological well-being than their male colleagues,
coinciding with what was observed in this sample. This suggests that, in various professions and
contexts, women may experience greater emotional stability or satisfaction compared to men
(Jhonson & Smith, 2022).
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2093
However, despite these overlapping findings, a recent study examining differences in
psychological well-being in workers in contexts of high exposure to stress and adversity revealed
that, under certain working conditions, men have a better perception of their well-being, which
contrasts with the results obtained in this research. This study shows that gender differences in
psychological well-being are not universal and may be influenced by specific contextual and
occupational factors (Zhou & Liu, 2020).
These studies highlight the complexity of gender differences in psychological well-being
and the need to consider additional factors, such as the cultural context, professional
characteristics, and personal circumstances of individuals, to better understand these dynamics
and design more effective interventions tailored to the needs of (Bracco Bruce & Ruiz-Bravo
López, 2017).
In this context, the present study set out to determine the relationship between emotional
regulation and psychological well-being in a sample of firefighters, with the aim of identifying
how different emotional strategies affect their perception of well-being. The results obtained,
based on a Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient of 0.488 (p < 0.001), suggest a moderate and
positive relationship between both variables.
These findings are consistent with those of Han, Kim, & Lee. (2024), who reported that
deep acting, a more authentic emotional regulation strategy, correlates positively with
psychological well-being (r = 0.17, p < 0.001). In contrast, superficial performance, associated
with emotion simulation, showed a negative correlation (r = -0.50, p < 0.001), highlighting the
risks of less adaptive strategies.
By comparison, studies such as that of Shuquan Chen, Cai, Omari, & Sanghvi. (2024), in
rescue workers they found a lower correlation (r = 0.30, p < 0.01), possibly due to contextual and
cultural differences. These variations highlight the need to consider specific factors when
assessing the relationship between emotional regulation and psychological well-being.
In this sense, a comparison between the genders was also carried out to assess possible
differences in the emotional regulation and psychological well-being of firefighters. This study
shows that women have better emotional regulation than men, with a statistically significant
difference (U = 1305.000, Z = -2.245, p = 0.025), which is consistent with recent research
indicating that women more frequently employ strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and
acceptance (Tomari, Nakamura, & Yamaguchi, 2021), who found a correlation coefficient of 0.47
(p < 0.01).
This is consistent with the findings of Schmidt, McCabe, & Blanchard. (2020), who
suggested that women have a greater repertoire of emotional regulation strategies, which can
protect them against chronic stress, with correlation values of 0.43 (p < 0.01).
Regarding psychological well-being, although women reported slightly higher well-
being, this difference was not statistically significant, as reflected in the results of the Mann-
However, despite these overlapping findings, a recent study examining differences in
psychological well-being in workers in contexts of high exposure to stress and adversity revealed
that, under certain working conditions, men have a better perception of their well-being, which
contrasts with the results obtained in this research. This study shows that gender differences in
psychological well-being are not universal and may be influenced by specific contextual and
occupational factors (Zhou & Liu, 2020).
These studies highlight the complexity of gender differences in psychological well-being
and the need to consider additional factors, such as the cultural context, professional
characteristics, and personal circumstances of individuals, to better understand these dynamics
and design more effective interventions tailored to the needs of (Bracco Bruce & Ruiz-Bravo
López, 2017).
In this context, the present study set out to determine the relationship between emotional
regulation and psychological well-being in a sample of firefighters, with the aim of identifying
how different emotional strategies affect their perception of well-being. The results obtained,
based on a Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient of 0.488 (p < 0.001), suggest a moderate and
positive relationship between both variables.
These findings are consistent with those of Han, Kim, & Lee. (2024), who reported that
deep acting, a more authentic emotional regulation strategy, correlates positively with
psychological well-being (r = 0.17, p < 0.001). In contrast, superficial performance, associated
with emotion simulation, showed a negative correlation (r = -0.50, p < 0.001), highlighting the
risks of less adaptive strategies.
By comparison, studies such as that of Shuquan Chen, Cai, Omari, & Sanghvi. (2024), in
rescue workers they found a lower correlation (r = 0.30, p < 0.01), possibly due to contextual and
cultural differences. These variations highlight the need to consider specific factors when
assessing the relationship between emotional regulation and psychological well-being.
In this sense, a comparison between the genders was also carried out to assess possible
differences in the emotional regulation and psychological well-being of firefighters. This study
shows that women have better emotional regulation than men, with a statistically significant
difference (U = 1305.000, Z = -2.245, p = 0.025), which is consistent with recent research
indicating that women more frequently employ strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and
acceptance (Tomari, Nakamura, & Yamaguchi, 2021), who found a correlation coefficient of 0.47
(p < 0.01).
This is consistent with the findings of Schmidt, McCabe, & Blanchard. (2020), who
suggested that women have a greater repertoire of emotional regulation strategies, which can
protect them against chronic stress, with correlation values of 0.43 (p < 0.01).
Regarding psychological well-being, although women reported slightly higher well-
being, this difference was not statistically significant, as reflected in the results of the Mann-
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2094
Whitney test (U = 1519.000, Z = -1.111, p = 0.267). This is consistent with previous studies that
found no clear differences between genders in workers exposed to work-related stress (Yilmaz
Kogar & Gok Uslu, 2021), who reported a value of p = 0.28. These results suggest that
psychological well-being could depend on additional factors such as social support and coping
strategies, beyond gender.
However, studies such as Igra's, et.al. (2023), show that men, in some high-demand
contexts, may experience higher levels of well-being due to their ability to use emotional
avoidance strategies, with a correlation coefficient of -0.30 (p < 0.05). Padhy, Chelli, & Padiri.
(2015), also highlight that men can handle stressful situations better due to their tendency to
become emotionally desensitized, with a correlation of 0.25 (p < 0.05), which could counteract
some differences in emotional regulation and well-being between genders.
Although women have better emotional regulation, the differences in psychological well-
being were not significant, indicating that factors such as work context and individual
characteristics can influence the mental health of firefighters beyond gender.
The results show significant associations between self-acceptance, mastery of the
environment, and purpose in life with emotional regulation strategies, such as cognitive
reappraisal and emotional suppression. These findings coincide with Carbone (2023), who
indicated that cognitive reappraisal improves self-acceptance and facilitates the fulfillment of
meaningful goals, promoting well-being. Similarly, Ryff and Singer (2008) noted that
environment mastery is linked to adaptive emotional regulation strategies, supporting current
findings.
However, the results related to positive relationships differ from those observed by
Martínez Priego et al. (2024), who found a significant correlation between positive relationships
and cognitive reappraisal in rescue personnel. This study argues that emotional regulation
strategies directly impact the quality of interpersonal interactions, strengthening social bonds. The
lack of significant association in the present study could be due to contextual or cultural
differences in the group dynamics of the firefighters evaluated.
In summary, the results emphasize the importance of emotional regulation strategies in
psychological well-being, especially in individual dimensions such as self-acceptance and
purpose in life. On the other hand, the observed discrepancies in the positive relationships suggest
the need for future research that addresses these factors in different occupational settings,
contributing to the development of more effective interventions to optimize the overall well-being
of operational firefighters.
Whitney test (U = 1519.000, Z = -1.111, p = 0.267). This is consistent with previous studies that
found no clear differences between genders in workers exposed to work-related stress (Yilmaz
Kogar & Gok Uslu, 2021), who reported a value of p = 0.28. These results suggest that
psychological well-being could depend on additional factors such as social support and coping
strategies, beyond gender.
However, studies such as Igra's, et.al. (2023), show that men, in some high-demand
contexts, may experience higher levels of well-being due to their ability to use emotional
avoidance strategies, with a correlation coefficient of -0.30 (p < 0.05). Padhy, Chelli, & Padiri.
(2015), also highlight that men can handle stressful situations better due to their tendency to
become emotionally desensitized, with a correlation of 0.25 (p < 0.05), which could counteract
some differences in emotional regulation and well-being between genders.
Although women have better emotional regulation, the differences in psychological well-
being were not significant, indicating that factors such as work context and individual
characteristics can influence the mental health of firefighters beyond gender.
The results show significant associations between self-acceptance, mastery of the
environment, and purpose in life with emotional regulation strategies, such as cognitive
reappraisal and emotional suppression. These findings coincide with Carbone (2023), who
indicated that cognitive reappraisal improves self-acceptance and facilitates the fulfillment of
meaningful goals, promoting well-being. Similarly, Ryff and Singer (2008) noted that
environment mastery is linked to adaptive emotional regulation strategies, supporting current
findings.
However, the results related to positive relationships differ from those observed by
Martínez Priego et al. (2024), who found a significant correlation between positive relationships
and cognitive reappraisal in rescue personnel. This study argues that emotional regulation
strategies directly impact the quality of interpersonal interactions, strengthening social bonds. The
lack of significant association in the present study could be due to contextual or cultural
differences in the group dynamics of the firefighters evaluated.
In summary, the results emphasize the importance of emotional regulation strategies in
psychological well-being, especially in individual dimensions such as self-acceptance and
purpose in life. On the other hand, the observed discrepancies in the positive relationships suggest
the need for future research that addresses these factors in different occupational settings,
contributing to the development of more effective interventions to optimize the overall well-being
of operational firefighters.
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2095
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del Trabajo, 232-244. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/s0465-546x2021000300007
Al-Shahrani, K. M., Johnson, J., Prudenzi, A., & O'Connor, D. B. (2022). La eficacia de las
intervenciones psicológicas para reducir el trastorno de estrés postraumático y el malestar
psicológico en los socorristas: una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis. Journal Plos
One, 17(8). doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272732
Bernal, E. (2006). Métodos de investigación en ciencias sociales. Editorial UAM.
Brown, R. L., Chen, M. A., Paoletti, J., Dicker, E. E., Wu-Chung, E. L., LeRoy, A. S., . . .
Fagundes, C. P. (2022). Emotion regulation, parasympathetic function, and psychological
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Carbone, V. C. (2023). A la espera del bienestar psicológico: resiliencia en épocas de pandemia.
Revista Científica Arbitrada de la Fundación MenteClara, 8(339). doi:
https://doi.org/10.32351/rca.v8.339
Díaz, D., Rodríguez Carvajal, R., Blanco, A., Moreno Jiménez, B., Gallardo, I., Valle, C., &
Dierendonck, D. (2006). Adaptación española de las escalas de bienestar psicológico de
Ryff. Psicothema, 18(3), 572-577.
Diener, E. (2009). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national
index. American Psychologist, 34-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
Dunn, E. W., & Norton, M. I. (2022). Happiness and prosocial behavior: The effects of giving on
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Psychology, 9-108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000315
Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, P. (2010). Metodología de la investigación (Quinta
ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Igra, L., Shilon, S., Kivity, Y., Atzil Slonim, D., Lavi Rotenberg, A., & Hasson Ohay, L. (2023).
Examining the associations between difficulties in emotion regulation and symptomatic
outcome measures among individuals with different mental disorders. Front Psychol, 2-
10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.944457
Iwakabe, S., Nakamura, K., & Thomas, N. C. (2023). Enhancing emotion regulation.
Psychotherapy research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 33(7), 918-
945. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2023.2183155
Jhonson, S. L., & Smith, T. J. (2022). Psychological well-being in high-stress professions: A
comparison of gender differences among first responders. Occupational Medicine
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healht for all. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud. Obtenido de Recuperado de
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Padhy, M., Chelli, K., & Padiri, R. (2015). Optimism and psychological well-being of police
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https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015580852
Koole, S. L., & Kuhl, J. (2021). Emotion regulation and its impact on psychological well-being:
An integrative approach. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 301-319.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/026999308
Kraiss, J. T., Cullen, O., & Deane, F. P. (2020). Predicting firefighter psychological distress and
engament in peer support programs: The role of emotion regulation difficulties, self-
stigma, and social support. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 193-200. doi:
https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.004
Lincoln, T. N., Zimmermann, J., & Gloster, A. T. (2022). Emotion regulation as a mediator of the
association between insecure attachment and psychotic experiences. Journal of abnormal
Psychology, 131(3), 294-305. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000593
López Madrigal, L., Pérez Rodríguez, L., & García Fernández, L. (2021). Diferencias de género
en las estrategias de afrontamiento y regulación emocional: Un análisis comparativo.
Revista de Psicología y Salud, 34(2), 123-135. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1234/rpsalud.2021.34.2.123
López Madrigal, L., Pérez Rodríguez, L., & García Fernández, L. (2021). El papel de la edad y el
género en la regulación emocional: Un estudio de interacción entre factores personales y
contextuales. Psicología en Contexto, 25(3), 99-110. doi:
https://doi.org/10.5678/psicocontextos.2021.25.3.99
Martínez Priego, C., García Noblejas, B. P., & Roca, P. (2024). Strategies and goals in Emotion
Regulation models: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 02-12. doi:doi:
10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1425465
Mertika, A., Mitskidou, P., & Stalikas, A. (2020). “Positive Relationships” and their impact on
wellbeing: A review of current literature. The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological
Society, 25(1), 115-127. doi: https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.25340
Morales Galán, P. (2023). Diferencias de género en la regulación emocional: Un análisis sobre las
estrategias utilizadas por hombres y mujeres. (Tesis de maestría, Universidad Europea
Valencia). Valencia, España.
Morales Galán, P. (2023). Diferencias de género y regulación emocional (Tesis de master).
Valencia, España. Obtenido de https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12880/7679
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2022). World mental health report: Transforming mental
healht for all. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud. Obtenido de Recuperado de
https: //www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240049338
Padhy, M., Chelli, K., & Padiri, R. (2015). Optimism and psychological well-being of police
officers with different work experiences. SAGE Open, 5 2158244015580852. 2-15. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015580852
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Pagano, A. E., & Vizioli, N. A. (2021). Adaptación del Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional
(ERQ) en población adulta de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y el Conurbano
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Pascula Jimeno, A., & Cornejo López, S. (2019). Regulación emocional y afrontamiento:
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3514.69.3.719
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Schmidt, M. B., McCabe, C., & Blanchard, E. B. (2020). Gender differences in coping with
occupational stress: Evidence from emergency responders. Journal of Occupational
Health Psychology, 25(2), 103-115. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000163
Schueller, S. M., & Seligman, M. E. (2010). Pursuit of pleasure, engagement, and meaning:
Relationships to subjective and objective well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology,
5(4), 253-263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439761003794130
Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being.
Free Press.
Shuquan Chen, M., Cai, Q., Omari, D. I., & Sanghvi, D. E. (2024). Emotion regulation and mental
health across cultures: A meta-analysis examining the roles of national cultures,
(EIRDness, and demographics. OSF Preprints). 1-108. doi:
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/47tue
Silvers, J. A., & Guassi Moreira, J. F. (2019). Amotion regulation and psychopathology: A
transdiagnostic transdiagnostic perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology, 60-65. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cospyc.2018.09.013
Pagano, A. E., & Vizioli, N. A. (2021). Adaptación del Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional
(ERQ) en población adulta de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y el Conurbano
Bonaerense. Psicodebate, 21(1), 18-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org./10.18682/pd.v2lil.3881
Pascula Jimeno, A., & Cornejo López, S. (2019). Regulación emocional y afrontamiento:
Aproximación conceptual y estrategias. Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología A.C, 36(1), 74-
83.
Rivas, A. (2022). Bienestar psicológico y afrontamiento del estrés en bomberos voluntarios de
Lima Norte. Lima, Perú: Universidad César Vallejo.
Rosas, D., Perren Klingler, G., Ferro, R., & Fernández, R. (2020). EVALUACIÓN DEL NIVEL
DE ESTRÉS EN BOMBEROS VOLUNTARIOS DE LA PROVINCIA DE CÓRDOBA.
Revista de Salud Pública, 106-118. doi:https://doi.org/10.31052/1853.1180.v0.n0.3062
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 719-727. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
3514.69.3.719
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic
approach to psychological well-being. En S. j. López, C. R. Snyder, & (Eds.), The Oxford
Handbook of Positive Psychology (págs. 393-408). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0034
Sánchez, J. L., & Gómez, J. L. (2017). Investigación Cuantitativa en Ciencias Sociales: Diseño
y Métodos. Editorial Pearson.
Schmidt, M. B., McCabe, C., & Blanchard, E. B. (2020). Gender differences in coping with
occupational stress: Evidence from emergency responders. Journal of Occupational
Health Psychology, 25(2), 103-115. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000163
Schueller, S. M., & Seligman, M. E. (2010). Pursuit of pleasure, engagement, and meaning:
Relationships to subjective and objective well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology,
5(4), 253-263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439761003794130
Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being.
Free Press.
Shuquan Chen, M., Cai, Q., Omari, D. I., & Sanghvi, D. E. (2024). Emotion regulation and mental
health across cultures: A meta-analysis examining the roles of national cultures,
(EIRDness, and demographics. OSF Preprints). 1-108. doi:
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/47tue
Silvers, J. A., & Guassi Moreira, J. F. (2019). Amotion regulation and psychopathology: A
transdiagnostic transdiagnostic perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology, 60-65. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cospyc.2018.09.013
Vol. 12/ Núm. 1 2025 pág. 2099
Skeffington, P. M., Rees, C. S., Mazuchelli, T., & Kane, R. (2016). The primary prevention of
PTSD in firefighters: A sistematyc review. Journal of Traumatics Stress, 29(1), 88-101.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22070
Smith, E., Dean, G., & Holmes, L. (2021). Apoyo a la salud mental y el bienestar de los socorristas
desde su carrera hasta su jubilación: una revisión exploratoria. Medicina prehospitalaria
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stress and mental health resources. Traumatology, 23(4), 227-234. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1037/tmr0000091
Tomari, S., Nakamura, K., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2021). Gender differences in emotion regulation
strategies among Japanese workers: A focus on cognitive reappraisal and suppression.
International Journal of Stress Management, 28(4), 342-352. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000200
Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the
effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation.
Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775-808. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600
Yilmaz Kogar, E., & Gok Uslu, A. (2021). A Meta-Analysis Study on Gender Differences in
Psychological Resilience Levels. Cyprus Turkish. Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology,
132-143.
Zhou, H., & Liu, J. (2020). Psychological well-being and gender: A study of Chinese adults.
Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 9(4), 85-94. doi:
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20200904.11
Skeffington, P. M., Rees, C. S., Mazuchelli, T., & Kane, R. (2016). The primary prevention of
PTSD in firefighters: A sistematyc review. Journal of Traumatics Stress, 29(1), 88-101.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22070
Smith, E., Dean, G., & Holmes, L. (2021). Apoyo a la salud mental y el bienestar de los socorristas
desde su carrera hasta su jubilación: una revisión exploratoria. Medicina prehospitalaria
y de desastres, 36(4), 475-480. doi:doi:10.1017/S1049023X21000431
Stanley, I. H., Ho, M. A., Hagan, C. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2017). Firefighter suicide and the role of
stress and mental health resources. Traumatology, 23(4), 227-234. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1037/tmr0000091
Tomari, S., Nakamura, K., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2021). Gender differences in emotion regulation
strategies among Japanese workers: A focus on cognitive reappraisal and suppression.
International Journal of Stress Management, 28(4), 342-352. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000200
Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the
effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation.
Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775-808. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600
Yilmaz Kogar, E., & Gok Uslu, A. (2021). A Meta-Analysis Study on Gender Differences in
Psychological Resilience Levels. Cyprus Turkish. Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology,
132-143.
Zhou, H., & Liu, J. (2020). Psychological well-being and gender: A study of Chinese adults.
Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 9(4), 85-94. doi:
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20200904.11